Paramagnetismo:
En un átomo, los únicos electrones que pueden contribuir al momento magnético total del átomo son los que están en capas incompletas, generalmente electrones de valencia, dado que en las capas electrónicas completas el momento magnético orbital de spin es cero. Como la mayoría de los átomos tienen capas incompletas, también tendrán momento magnético no nulo. Pero esto sólo es cierto para átomos libres, no para átomos dentro de una red cristalina, ligados entre sí por fuerzas de enlace. La razón es que la energía de canje de los electrones de átomos vecinos es normalmente mínima cuando sus spines están dispuestos de forma antiparalela y de ahí que el momento dipolar total de la molécula sea nulo.
En los cristales iónicos los electrones externos de un átomo son transferidos para completar la capa de su vecino, ambos iones tendrán capas electrónicas completas y tendremos un momento magnético nulo. Por tanto, el paramagnetismo sólo se dará en sólidos formados por átomos con capas incompletas, además de las ocupadas por electrones de valencia.
Existen cinco grupos de elementos donde ocurre esto
· grupo del Fe ->capa 3d incompleta
· grupo del Pd -> capa 4d incompleta
· lantánidos -> capa 4f incompleta
· grupo del Pt -> capa 5d incompleta
· actínidos -> capa 5f incompleta
Además, los metales muestran también paramagnetismo debido a los electrones de conducción. Este paramagnetismo muestra la propiedad de que la susceptibilidad es prácticamente independiente de la temperatura. Los materiales empleados para aplicaciones prácticas están hechos de sales de hierro o de tierras raras.
Diamagnetismo:
Se puede explicar el diamagnetismo a partir de la configuración electrónica de los átomos o de los sistemas moleculares. De esta forma, el comportamiento diamagnético lo presentan sistemas moleculares que contengan todos sus electrones apareados y los sistemas atómicos o iónicos que contengan orbitales completamente llenos. Es decir los espines de los electrones del último nivel se encontrarán apareados.
El diamagnetismo es observable en las sustancias con estructura electrónica simétrica (en forma de cristales iónicos y gases nobles) y no hay momento magnético permanente. No se ve afectado por los cambios de temperatura.
EXPERIMENTO:
Diamagnetism:
Push me a grape.
A grape is repelled by both the north and south poles of a strong rare-earth magnet. The grape is repelled because it contains water, which is diamagnetic. Diamagnetic materials are repelled by magnetic poles.
- Two large grapes
- Drinking straw
- Film canister with lid
- Push pin
- Small knife or razor blade
- Neodymium magnet
Insert the push pin through the underside of the film canister lid and put the lid on the canister so that the point of the pin is sticking out.
Find the center of the drinking straw and use the knife to cut a small hole, approximately 0.5 cm x 1 cm. (You can also use the hot tip of a soldering gun to melt a hole.)
Push one grape onto each end of the straw. Balance the straw with the grapes on the point of the push pin; the point of the pin goes through the small hole on the straw.
side view
Find the center of the drinking straw and use the knife to cut a small hole, approximately 0.5 cm x 1 cm. (You can also use the hot tip of a soldering gun to melt a hole.)
Push one grape onto each end of the straw. Balance the straw with the grapes on the point of the push pin; the point of the pin goes through the small hole on the straw.
side view
Bring one pole of the magnet near the grape. Do not touch the grape with the magnet.
The grape will be repelled by the magnet and begin to move slowly away from the magnet.
Pull the magnet away and let the grape stop its motion.
Turn the magnet over and bring the other pole near the grape. The grape will also be repelled by the other pole; the grape is repelled by both poles of the magnet.
The grape will be repelled by the magnet and begin to move slowly away from the magnet.
Pull the magnet away and let the grape stop its motion.
Turn the magnet over and bring the other pole near the grape. The grape will also be repelled by the other pole; the grape is repelled by both poles of the magnet.
Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, are strongly attracted to both poles of a magnet.
Paramagnetic materials, such as aluminum, are weakly attracted to both poles of a magnet.
Diamagnetic materials, however, are repelled by both poles of a magnet. The diamagnetic force of repulsion is very weak (a hundred thousand times weaker than the ferromagnetic force of attraction). Water, the main component of grapes, is diamagnetic.
When an electric charge moves, a magnetic field is created. Every electron is therefore a very tiny magnet, because electrons carry charge and they spin. Additionally, the motion of an orbital electron is an electric current, with an accompanying magnetic field.
In atoms of iron, cobalt, and nickel, electrons in one atom will align with electrons in neighboring atoms, making regions called domains, with very strong magnetization. These materials are ferromagnetic, and are strongly attracted to magnetic poles.
Atoms and molecules that have single, unpaired electrons are paramagnetic. Electrons in these materials orient in a magnetic field so that they will be weakly attracted to magnetic poles. Hydrogen, lithium, and liquid oxygen are examples of paramagnetic substances.
Atoms and molecules in which all of the electrons are paired with electrons of opposite spin, and in which the orbital currents are zero, are diamagnetic. Helium, bismuth, and water are examples of diamagnetic substances.
If a magnet is brought toward a diamagnetic material, it will generate orbital electric currents in the atoms and molecules of the material. The magnetic fields associated with these orbital currents will be oriented such that they repelled by the approaching magnet.
This behavior is predicted by a law of physics known as Lenz's Law. This law states that when a current is induced by a change in magnetic field (the orbital currents in the grape created by the magnet approaching the grape), the magnetic field produced by the induced current will oppose the change.
Fuente:
Anónimo, "Diamagnetism Experiments" Encontrado en Internet en la página:
